The Problem

The United States has experienced increasing political polarization in recent years. Sentiment—both positive and negative—plays a vital role in shaping social dynamics by influencing how individuals and groups are perceived and treated. Hate speech, in particular, both drives and reflects societal change. When directed at groups, it is especially dangerous: if successfully “sold” to the public, all members of targeted groups become collectively blamed and subject to potential retribution, including violence. Within this context, individuals in such groups are dehumanized as they lose their individuality and are viewed as part of a negative category. Historically, this type of rhetoric has been used to socially prepare populations for violence. As such, the growth and intensification of hate speech can serve as a proxy indicator for real-world harms. 

Alternatively, positive sentiment can reflect growing solidarity, belonging, and empathy across group lines. Understanding the full spectrum of sentiment is crucial, as emotionally charged language—whether positive or negative—can be a pivotal force in shaping public opinion, policy discourse, and social outcomes. Understanding the full spectrum of sentiment is crucial, as emotionally charged language—whether positive or negative—can be a pivotal force in shaping public opinion, policy discourse, and social outcomes. By analyzing the sources, intensity, direction, and group-based targets of sentiment, researchers can be vital in conflict prevention and peacebuilding initiatives.